近日，歐盟就監管人工(gōng)智能的使用公布了一(yī)項法律框架“Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) And Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts”，即《人工(gōng)智能法》。該框架下(xià)的一(yī)系列法規概述了企業和政府應如何使用人工(gōng)智能技術，包括限制警方在公共場合使用人臉識别軟件、禁止某些類别的人工(gōng)智能系統等，成爲迄今爲止在該方面涉及範圍最廣泛的行動之一(yī)。
其中(zhōng)關于信用評分(fēn)的内容翻譯如下(xià)：
“另一(yī)個需要特别考慮使用人工(gōng)智能系統的領域是獲得和享受某些基本的私人和公共服務以及人們充分(fēn)參與社會或提高生(shēng)活水平所必需的福利。特别是，用于評估自然人信用評分(fēn)或信用度（Creditworthiness）的人工(gōng)智能系統應歸類爲高風險人工(gōng)智能系統，因爲它們決定了這些人獲得金融資(zī)源或基本服務（如住房、電(diàn)力和電(diàn)信服務）的機會。
因此，這些系統應歸類爲高風險。盡管如此，該法規不應妨礙公共行政中(zhōng)創新方法的開(kāi)發和使用，如果這些系統不會對法人和自然人造成高風險，則這些方法将受益于更廣泛地使用合規和安全的人工(gōng)智能系統.最後，用于調度或在調度緊急第一(yī)響應服務時确定優先級的 AI 系統也應歸類爲高風險，因爲它們在非常危急的情況下(xià)對人員(yuán)及其财産的生(shēng)命和健康做出決策。”
英文原文如下(xià)：
“Another area in which the use of AI systems deserves special consideration is the access to and enjoyment of certain essential private and public services and benefits necessary for people to fully participate in society or to improve one’s standard of living. In particular, AI systems used to evaluate the credit score or creditworthiness of natural persons should be classified as high-risk AI systems, since they determine those persons’ access to financial resources or essential services such as housing, electricity, and telecommunication services. AI systems used for this purpose may lead to discrimination of persons or groups and perpetuate historical patterns of discrimination, for example based on racial or ethnic origins, disabilities, age, sexual orientation, or create new forms of discriminatory impacts. Considering the very limited scale of the impact and the available alternatives on the market, it is appropriate to exempt AI systems for the purpose of creditworthiness assessment and credit scoring when put into service by small-scale providers for their own use. Natural persons applying for or receiving public assistance benefits and services from public authorities are typically dependent on those benefits and services and in a vulnerable position in relation to the responsible authorities. If AI systems are used for determining whether such benefits and services should be denied, reduced, revoked or reclaimed by authorities, they may have a significant impact on persons’ livelihood and may infringe their fundamental rights, such as the right to social protection, non- discrimination, human dignity or an effective remedy. Those systems should therefore be classified as high-risk. Nonetheless, this Regulation should not hamper the development and use of innovative approaches in the public administration, which would stand to benefit from a wider use of compliant and safe AI systems, provided that those systems do not entail a high risk to legal and natural persons. Finally, AI systems used to dispatch or establish priority in the dispatching of emergency first response services should also be classified as high-risk since they make decisions in very critical situations for the life and health of persons and their property. ”
根據這項法規，歐盟将有可能對違規最嚴重的公司處以相當于其全球年銷售額6%的罰款。
據報道，這份108頁的法規如果獲得通過，将對亞馬遜、谷歌、Facebook和微軟等投入大(dà)量資(zī)源開(kāi)發人工(gōng)智能的大(dà)型科技公司産生(shēng)深遠影響，也對其他數十家使用人工(gōng)智能軟件研發藥物(wù)、承銷保險以及評判信用度的公司帶來沖擊。
報道稱，該法規是西方政府提出的涉獵範圍最廣泛的法規之一(yī)，也是歐盟擴大(dà)其全球科技強者角色影響力的一(yī)步驟。
“該法規解決了與人工(gōng)智能具體(tǐ)使用相關的給人類和社會帶來的風險。”歐盟委員(yuán)會執行副總裁瑪格麗特·韋斯特格表示，“我(wǒ)(wǒ)們認爲這很緊急。我(wǒ)(wǒ)們是全球首個提出這一(yī)法律框架的人。”
據報道，該提案在成爲正式法律之前必須同時得到代表歐盟27個國家政府的歐洲理事會和直接選舉産生(shēng)的歐洲議會的批準，整個過程可能需要數年時間。
專業分(fēn)析
人工(gōng)智能算法是個雙刃劍，一(yī)方面可以提高風險預測的準确性；另外(wài)一(yī)方面也會侵犯消費(fèi)者的權益，帶來算法歧視和權益受侵犯。所以歐盟的《人工(gōng)智能法》将人工(gōng)智能在個人信用評分(fēn)方面的應用列爲高風險人工(gōng)智能系統，需要事前評估，謹慎使用。國内金融機構和金融科技公司也在積極擁抱人工(gōng)智能智能技術帶來信用科技的創新和實效之外(wài)，也需要平衡保護消費(fèi)者權益。
國内外(wài)媒體(tǐ)對于歐盟《人工(gōng)智能法》和社會信用體(tǐ)系關聯的一(yī)些報道言過其實。該草案的思路并非禁止在社會信用體(tǐ)系建設中(zhōng)使用人工(gōng)智能，更不是在信用評估中(zhōng)禁用人工(gōng)智能，而是通過标志(zhì)性法規和風險評估，以确保人工(gōng)智能是一(yī)項值得信賴的技術。通過制定标準和規範，我(wǒ)(wǒ)們可以爲符合倫理的人工(gōng)智能技術鋪平道路。
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